There was significantly increased expression of CXCR2, CXCR3, and CCR1 in the tumour islets of ES compared with PS patients [median 6.5 versus 2.6, (p = 0.007), 12.7 versus 3.2, (p = 0.01), and 24.3 versus 2.4 cells/mm2, (p = 0.002), respectively]. This evidence concerns the gene CCR1 and neoplasm.