VEGFA and macular retinal edema: Intravitreal injection of VEGF has been reported to cause retinal edema, dilated and tortuous vessels, and capillary closure in adult primates, [22] while treatment with bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF) or ranibizumab (an Fab fragment that binds and neutralizes all isoforms of VEGF-A) improves macular edema in patients with BRVO [23-25].