VSNL1 and carcinoma: We reported that VILIP-1 is differentially expressed in murine skin tumors and cell lines of different degrees of aggressiveness and that transfection of two high grade mouse SCC lines with the VILIP-1 cDNA, increased cAMP levels, leading to diminished MMP-9 activity together with a significant reduction in the invasive properties of the carcinoma cells [9].