Furthermore, in addition to TGF−β signaling itself, other members of the TGF−β superfamily such as bone morphogenesis protein 1 (BMP1) and genes activated through TGF−β superfamily members activin and nodal, such as activinRIII and nodalRII, are also upregulated in GBM (Figure S1). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and glioblastoma.