A more direct involvement of endogenous p53 in MCP-1 regulation could also be confirmed through direct sh/siRNA knockdown experiments either directly in E7-immortalized keratinocytes (Fig. 1B) or in glioblastoma cells (A172), where in both cases a decreased inducibility of MCP-1 after TNF-α could be observed (Fig. 4D). Here, TP53 is linked to glioblastoma.