MRC1 and malignant colon neoplasm: In fact, Breivik and Gaudernack [20] showed that in human colon cancer, either methylating carcinogens or hyper-methylation at CpG islands would lead to G/T mismatch which in turn leads to Mis-match Repair (MMR) gene deficiency or epigenetic silencing of the MMR genes and hence MSI (Micro-satellite Instability); alternatively, either hypo-methylation, or bulky-adduct forming (BAF) carcinogens such as alkylating agents, UV radiation and oxygen species promote chromosomal rearrangement via activation of mitotic check points (MCP), thus promoting CIN (Chromosomal Instability).