Then, the concept that asthma might be a parasite-independent antiparasite response was introduced by Elias et al. [35]; they compared the clinical data on chitinase 3-like-1 levels of certain groups of patients with severe asthma [36], and reminded that the chitinase 3-like-1 (otherwise called human cartilage glycoprotein-39, HCgp-39, or YKL-40) is also present in patients with meningitis, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, breast and lung cancer, and hepatic fibrosis. This evidence concerns the gene CHI3L1 and pneumonia.