Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of JNK (SP600125) or ERK (PD98059) significantly rescued tumor cells from the short-term (over 24 hours) and long-term (colony forming ability) cytotoxic effects of C1 (Figure 7A), and clearly blocked apoptotic signaling as evidenced by the inhibition of PARP cleavage (Figure 7Bi). Here, MAPK8 is linked to neoplasm.