TNF and chronic pancreatitis: Human plasma levels of TNFα were significantly higher in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients (32.7 pg/ml) compared with chronic pancreatitis patients (3.2 pg/ml) and control group (<1.6 pg/ml; p < 0.01) [33], suggesting that MA could be an effective agent in the treatment of pancreatic cancer due to the high level of TNFα secretion in the patients.