TNF and infection: Innate cytokine storms contribute to pathogenesis during infections with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); some of these cytokines, particularly IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), can also be produced by activated T cells to promote disease during infections with dengue virus, HIV, influenza virus, and hantavirus; and CD8 T cell–mediated injury occurs during infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) (additional references online).