TLR4 and Insulin resistance: In a number of studies, long chain saturated fatty acids have been shown to induce insulin resistance by activation of pathways involved in inflammation that intersect with insulin resistance such as the Toll-like receptor 4 mediated activation of NF-kB, as well as hyperphosphorylation of protein kinases like mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase C isoforms [20-22].