When focusing on the lamina propria and adventitia (fig 7H-I), the number of BDCA-1 positive DC was significantly lower in current smokers without airway obstruction compared to never smokers (p = 0.044 and p = 0.032, respectively) There was a significant positive correlation between the FEV1 (% predicted) and the number of BDCA-1+ DC in the epithelium (rs 0.39; p < 0.001), lamina propria (rs 0.35; p = 0.001), adventitia (rs 0.36 ; p = 0.001) and total airway wall (rs 0.40; p < 0.001). Here, CD1C is linked to Airway obstruction.