Given that PARM-1 expression was induced in the phase of transition to heart failure in hypertensive heart disease model of Dahl salt-sensitive rats (Fig. 2B), the increased expression of PARM-1 in this model could play a role to counteract against development of heart failure through inhibiting apoptosis of cardiac myocytes, although further studies are needed to determine the role of PARM-1 induction in the development of heart failure in vivo. Here, PARM1 is linked to heart failure.