Epstein also provides examples of how text mining can determine associations between types of cancers and a particular gene for example, AKT.2 The gene for AKT encodes a retroviral protein which is a pivotal cell signalling protein which when activated leads to inhibition of cellular apoptosis and activation of its downstream target (mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)), which increases mRNA translation through combination with its protein RAPTOR (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR). Here, RPTOR is linked to cancer.