Our findings that dysregulated angiopoietin levels are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes are supported by similar findings in preeclampsia, a pathological pregnancy state also associated with IUGR and preterm delivery to which PM has been compared [37]: An increased ratio of systemic ANG-2:ANG-1 in the second trimester has been associated with the development of preeclampsia [12]. The gene discussed is ANGPT2; the disease is fetal growth restriction.