More recently we have found that the majority of very high grade (Gleason score 8–10) localized prostate cancers [76], and even almost all metastatic lesions from hormone naïve patients (B Gurel, C Bieberich, AM De Marzo, manuscript in revision), retain high levels of expression of NKX3.1 protein. The gene discussed is NKX3-1; the disease is Familial prostate cancer.