Taken together with the co-expression of high levels of MYC and Nkx3.1 in the more advanced invasive carcinomas from Lo-MYC mice, these results suggest that the large effects on downregulation of Nkx3.1 by MYC only occurs in PIN lesions, with less of an effect in pre-invasive and invasive lesions. The gene discussed is NKX3-1; the disease is carcinoma.