Among these, three SMERs (SMERs 10, 18 and 28) were subsequently confirmed to induce mTOR-independent autophagy in mammalian cells as they increased clearance of autophagy substrates such as A53T α-synuclein and mutant huntingtin and reduced huntingtin toxicity in the Drosophila HD model [76]. This evidence concerns the gene HTT and Huntington disease.