For initial experiments, we performed an in vivo limiting dilution assay with GSCs transduced with nontargeting control shRNA or shRNA directed against A20. Tumor-bearing mice were allowed to survive until the development of neurologic signs in each animal (including lethargy, ataxia, paralysis, or seizure) in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee–approved protocols. Here, TNFAIP3 is linked to neoplasm.