In these previous studies, sets of genes associated with pathways such as apoptosis (e.g., bax, bcl-2), DNA damage repair (e.g., Ku80, GADD45, XRCC5), cell adhesion (e.g., ICAM-3), angiogenesis (e.g., HIF-1a), and tumor cell invasion (e.g., CTSL, CTSB) were identified. Here, GADD45A is linked to neoplasm.