MTOR and Renal cyst: Even though cystic kidneys from ES-ADPKD patients contain a mixture of phospho-S6 positive and negative cysts as well as apparently unaffected epithelial cells, and stromal cells, western analysis was able to detect elevated levels of phospho-S6 indicative of mTOR activation in ES-ADPKD kidneys relative to NHK (Figure 1B) (two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test) (p≤0.02).