MIF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Since the majority of severe melioidosis cases presents with pneumonia with bacterial dissemination to distant body sites [19]–[21] and considering the fact that it is not feasible to study MIF expression at tissue level in patients with melioidosis, we used a well-established murine model of pneumonia-derived melioidosis in which mice are intranasally infected with B. pseudomallei[23],[29],[31].