INS and metabolic disease: Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is defined as a “metabolic disorder caused by different factors characterized by a chronic high level of blood sugar with disturbances to carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.[30] Scientists have divided diabetes into three different types: Type 1 diabetes mellitus or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1 diabetes, is also known as juvenile onset diabetes.