CD4 and Granuloma: Chemokines up-regulated during this phase were predominantly T-cell and B-cell chemoattractants [25],[26],[27],[28],[29] and their activity was reflected by a concurrent increase in the expression of T- and B-cell makers and the early recruitment of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and B-cells into the liver, consistent with previous studies showing that these cells are required for the development of S. japonicum induced granulomas [30],[31].