Figure 5E shows immunostaining of FSCN1 in a non-invasive BC (pTa) and an invasive BC with involvement of the muscularis (pT2). There was faint staining in the non-invasive BC, whereas there was strong staining of cytosol and nuclei in the invasive BC. The staining score of the invasive BC (⩾pT1) was significantly higher than that of the non-invasive BC (pTa) (1.62±0.05 vs 1.33±0.07, P=0.0055). Here, FSCN1 is linked to breast cancer.