RAF1 and neoplasm: Moreover the reduction of VEGF-induced tube formation by IGFBP7 could be mainly mediated by inhibition of MAP kinase cascade through c-Raf, and BRAF-MEK-ERK signalling [32], Although our research implied IGFBP7 blocks VEGF-induced angiogenesis and VEGF expression by interfering with IGF-I, its role in tumor angiogenesis remains poorly understood.