However, there are several key findings from this study that argue against these responses simply being attributed to higher antigen load: (1) In the absence of IPS-1, the CD4 and CD8 T cells, which are protective against WNV infection [34],[35],[36],[55],[56],[57],[58], were significantly enhanced in the peripheral and CNS compartments but failed protect against infection. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is infection.