However, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) markedly increased donor-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the BM, which can modulate GVHD pathophysiology and graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) and possibly accelerate haematopoietic recovery (Sorror et al., 2004; Ball et al., 2007; Tatsumi et al., 2008). Here, CSF3 is linked to graft versus host disease.