While these reports suggest a role for PSAP in invasive and metastatic progression of prostate, breast, and pancreatic tumors, a recent report has suggested that PSAP may inhibit breast and PCa metastasis by paracrine and endocrine stimulation of thrombospondin-1 expression in a p53-dependent manner in fibroblasts of primary tumors and distant metastases [40]. This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and posterior cortical atrophy.