DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Boer et al. (2002) showed that another member of the thymosin family with similar properties, thymosin beta-10, showed a 4-fold increased expression in 13–15 week old mdx gastrocnemius muscle compared to wild type.[9] Nakayama et al. (2004) found up-regulation of Tβ4 in 2 month old mdx hindlimb skeletal muscle cell culture and showed that it was not altered after the addition of micro-dystrophin to the culture.[11] However, the authors did not find a similar increase in DMD patient derived cell lines.