Brunicardi's group [48] demonstrated that gene therapy using Adenovirus subtype 5 mediates rat insulin promoter directed thymidine kinase (A-5-RIP-TK)/ganciclovir (GCV) gene therapy resulting in significantly enhanced cytotoxicity to both Panc1 and MiaPaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells in vitro [49]. The gene discussed is TKT; the disease is pancreatic neoplasm.