Thus, NRP1 mediates the chemotaxis and survival of VEGF autocrine functions in breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells lacking VEGFR-2 (Bachelder et al, 2001, 2003), and in Dunning rat prostate carcinoma AT2.1 cells, which do not express VEGFR-2, NRP1 overexpression increases cell migration and reduces cell apoptosis in vivo (Miao et al, 2000). Here, NRP1 is linked to breast carcinoma.