In congestive heart failure, abnormalities in ion channels involved in automaticity ("funny" current If) , early after depolarizations (EADs) (IK1, IKs and the transient outward K current - Ito) and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) (late INa, INa L, increased Na+/Ca2+ exchanger function) promote arrhythmogenesis and may increase the DFT. This evidence concerns the gene SLC8A1 and congestive heart failure.