The observation that variation in the Imd pathway, canonically thought to be principally involved in resistance to Gram-negative bacteria, appears to associate with differences in bacterial load after infection with Gram-positive bacteria suggests that the innate immune network is dynamic with extensive feedback, co-activation and crosstalk, consistent with previous work demonstrating synergistic activation of the immune response by the Toll and Imd pathways in combination [40]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and infection.