Nonetheless, these data suggest that, in addition to self-regulation of both the Toll and Imd signaling pathways by components of the pathway, there is some crosstalk between the Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT pathways, although there seems to be relatively little crosstalk between either of the Toll or Imd pathways and the JNK pathway, at least at the time point we examined (8 hours after infection). Here, TLR4 is linked to infection.