CXCR4 and breast carcinoma: A similar mechanism was also demonstrated in breast cancer cell lines, showing that estrogen-dependent proliferation involves the synthesis of CXCL12 (identified as estradiol-dependent gene), that causes an autocrine stimulation of CXCR4 and the subsequent activation of c-Src that, in turn, induces a ligand-independent activation of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation [41].