TNF and colitis: Colitis, chemical-induced hepatitis and osteoporosis are all due to enhanced production of cytokines: inerleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and since these diseases are much less severe in transgenic fat-1 mouse indicates that presence of enhanced amounts of ω-3 fatty acids in the respective tissues and plasma has a dampening effect on inflammation.