GAPDH and Alzheimer disease: To assess long-term effects of NDEA ± HFD on genes and proteins that are aberrantly expressed in AD, we measured amyloid-β-precursor protein (AβPP), Tau, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA levels by qRT-PCR analysis (Table 3), and Tau, phospho-Tau, AβPP, AβPP-Aβ, ChAT, AChE, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-Actin, GFAP, HNE, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), and pGSK-3β immunoreactivity by ELISA (Figs. 5 and 6).