Interestingly, plasma adiponectin concentrations in the patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are found to be significantly elevated in relation to healthy controls.49–5252 In the patients with macroalbuminuria, progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is found to be associated with higher serum adiponectin levels.53,54 Interrelations between adiponectin and inflammation, dyslipidemia, C-peptide levels and sex appear to be important for complex adiponectin modulation and action. Here, ADIPOQ is linked to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.