CCL2 and age-related macular degeneration: CCL2−/−/CX3CR1−/− mice consistently develop retinal degeneration with many morphological and histological similarities to human AMD at six weeks of age.[27] More recently it was shown that several inflammatory proteins (F4/80, CD11b and C3d) which mediate or are involved in innate immune responses, are differentially expressed in the CCL2−/−/CX3CR1−/− relative to the Wild Type controls.[28] Anti-retinal auto antibodies were also detected in the CCL2−/−/CX3CR1−/− serum.