These are EMP3, FGF2, FGFBP1, IGF1, IGF2, TGFB3, TGFBR2, and TIMP2. FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2), IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), and IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2), have altered expression levels in BPH and prostate cancer [56], [57] and men with elevated IGF-1 serum levels have an increased risk for BPH [58]. Here, TGFB3 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.