NDUFS1 and MELAS: We found a ∼30–40% reduction of mt-nd5 and ndufs1, two mitochondria encoded genes that belong to complex I. Mutations of these genes are associated with complex I deficiency and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), two disorders which have neurological manifestations[13], [14], [15].