TNF and infection: If the regulatory mechanisms that impact both virus replication and pro-inflammatory cascades fail to control virus replication, virus then induces both IFNβ and TNFα; however, at this stage of the infection (by 21 days p.i.)adaptive immune responses have been induced and the presence of the adaptive along with the innate immune responses probably contribute to the inability of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms to regulate either virus replication or infection-induced inflammatory responses.