Many of these genes, such as CD163 [26], MSR1 (CD204) [27], ERBB2 oncogene (also known as HER-2/neu) [28,29], CSTA (stefin A) [30] and CCR1 [31], have been associated with tumor malignancy and poor patient outcomes in EEC or other cancers (Table 3, bold). Here, ERBB2 is linked to exstrophy-epispadias complex.