TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: The effect exerted on MAMDC1 mRNA expression by TNF-α, IFN-γ and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), three cytokines playing a pivotal role in inflammation and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as SLE [30]–[32], by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent endotoxin activating macrophage pro-inflammatory responses, and by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects in SLE and other autoimmune disorders, was then determined by qRT-PCR on THP-1 cells at 6 h and 24 h after the addition of these molecules to the culture medium.