Using a non-malignant human cholangiocyte cell line (H69) that expresses multiple TLRs including TLR4 [5], we previously demonstrated that infection of human cholangiocytes by C. parvum in vitro mimics parasitial apical invasion and TLR4/NF-κB-dependent epithelial responses in vivo[3]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.