Most studies examining the effects of DR on AD pathology have been performed using mice which over-express familial AD mutations in human APP (Wang et al., 2005; Halagappa et al., 2007), or mutant forms of tau in combination with APP and/or presenilin-1 to induce hyperphosphorylation (Halagappa et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene APP and Alzheimer disease.