We also investigated the relationship between the mRNA expression of AMPs that remained downregulated (DEFB1 in IBDc and PYY in CDi) or upregulated (DEFA5, LYZ and PLA2G2A in IBDc, and LCN2 in CDi) after therapy in responders to infliximab and markers for epithelial integrity and for inflammatory activity, respectively. Here, DEFB1 is linked to clostridium difficile infection.