TNF and helminthiasis: Although, no significant increase in Th2 cytokines was detected in these experiments, restoration of worm expulsion was associated with marked reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and also IFN-γ, as early as day 18 p.i. Moreover, recent data have demonstrated the co-expansion of Treg along with the Th2 response during helminth infections in order to control Th2 cytokine induced pathology 31, 32.