The growth factors G-CSF and GM-CSF were also increased in BCG vaccinated infants; GM-CSF has been shown to have many roles in immunity to TB such as inducing the generation and proliferation of cells such as macrophages, DCs and neutrophils, but also by acting to recruit leukocytes and to enhance APC function and may be necessary for optimum T cell immunity [37,38]. Here, CSF3 is linked to tuberculosis.