In fact, in the ATTACH trial, which randomized patients with NYHA Class III-IV chronic heart failure to placebo or infliximab, higher doses of TNF-α inhibition were associated with a three times increase in death or hospitalization at 28 weeks (hazard ratio 2.84, 95% CI 1.01-7.97, p=0.043) when compared with placebo [36]. Here, TNF is linked to congestive heart failure.