A number of antibodies against various cardiac proteins have been identified in DCM, which can be divided into sarcolemmal proteins (e.g. myosin, actin, troponin and tropomyosin), mitochondrial enzymes (e.g. the ADP-ATP carrier, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase), heat-shock proteins (e.g. hsp70, hsp60 and hsc70) and surface receptors (e.g. β1-adrenoreceptors (AR) and muscarinic receptors [3-8]. Here, AR is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.